World Englishes - Academic Dictionaries and …
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<code>This article is about the classification of Englishes around the world. For Global English or World English, see International English.</code><code>Media</code><code>Media</code><code>International Association for World Englishes</code><code>World Englishes refers to the emergence of localised or indigenised varieties of English, especially varieties that have developed in nations colonised by Great Britain or influenced by the United States. World Englishes consist of varieties of English used in diverse sociolinguistic contexts globally, and how sociolinguistic histories, multicultural backgrounds and contexts of function influence the use of colonial English in different regions of the world.</code><code>The issue of World Englishes was first raised in 1978 to examine concepts of regional Englishes globally. Pragmatic factors such as appropriateness, comprehensibility and interpretability justified the use of English as an international and intra-national language. In 1988, at a Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) conference in Honolulu, Hawaii, the International Committee of the Study of World Englishes (ICWE) was formed.[In 1992, the ICWE formally launched the International Association for World Englishes (IAWE) at a conference of "World Englishes Today", at the University of Illinois, USA.[1]</code><code>Currently, there are approximately 75 territories where English is spoken either as a first language (L1) or as an unofficial or institutionalised second language (L2) in fields such as government, law and education. It is difficult to establish the total number of Englishes in the world, as new varieties of English are constantly being developed and discovered.[2]</code>Contents<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#World_English_versus_World_Englishes">1 World English versus World Englishes<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Historical_context">2 Historical context<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#History_of_English">2.1 History of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Global_spread_of_English">2.2 Global spread of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Classification_of_Englishes">3 Classification of Englishes<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Kachru.27s_Three_Circles_of_English">3.1 Kachru's Three Circles of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Schneider.27s_Dynamic_Model_of_Postcolonial_Englishes">3.2 Schneider's Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Other_Models_of_Classification">3.3 Other Models of Classification<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Strevens.27s_World_Map_of_English">3.3.1 Strevens's World Map of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#McArthur.27s_Circle_of_World_English">3.3.2 McArthur's Circle of World English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#G.C3.B6rlach.27s_Circle_model_of_English">3.3.3 Görlach's Circle model of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Modiano.27s_model_of_English">3.3.4 Modiano's model of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Variations_and_Varieties">4 Variations and Varieties<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#The_Future_of_World_Englishes">5 The Future of World Englishes<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#English_as_the_language_of_.E2.80.98others.E2.80.99">5.1 English as the language of ‘others’<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#The_languages_of_.E2.80.98others.E2.80.99_as_World_Languages">5.2 The languages of ‘others’ as World Languages<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#References">6 References<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Further_reading">7 Further reading<a href="h…
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<code>This article is about the classification of Englishes around the world. For Global English or World English, see International English.</code><code>Media</code><code>Media</code><code>International Association for World Englishes</code><code>World Englishes refers to the emergence of localised or indigenised varieties of English, especially varieties that have developed in nations colonised by Great Britain or influenced by the United States. World Englishes consist of varieties of English used in diverse sociolinguistic contexts globally, and how sociolinguistic histories, multicultural backgrounds and contexts of function influence the use of colonial English in different regions of the world.</code><code>The issue of World Englishes was first raised in 1978 to examine concepts of regional Englishes globally. Pragmatic factors such as appropriateness, comprehensibility and interpretability justified the use of English as an international and intra-national language. In 1988, at a Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) conference in Honolulu, Hawaii, the International Committee of the Study of World Englishes (ICWE) was formed.[In 1992, the ICWE formally launched the International Association for World Englishes (IAWE) at a conference of "World Englishes Today", at the University of Illinois, USA.[1]</code><code>Currently, there are approximately 75 territories where English is spoken either as a first language (L1) or as an unofficial or institutionalised second language (L2) in fields such as government, law and education. It is difficult to establish the total number of Englishes in the world, as new varieties of English are constantly being developed and discovered.[2]</code>Contents<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#World_English_versus_World_Englishes">1 World English versus World Englishes<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Historical_context">2 Historical context<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#History_of_English">2.1 History of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Global_spread_of_English">2.2 Global spread of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Classification_of_Englishes">3 Classification of Englishes<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Kachru.27s_Three_Circles_of_English">3.1 Kachru's Three Circles of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Schneider.27s_Dynamic_Model_of_Postcolonial_Englishes">3.2 Schneider's Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Other_Models_of_Classification">3.3 Other Models of Classification<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Strevens.27s_World_Map_of_English">3.3.1 Strevens's World Map of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#McArthur.27s_Circle_of_World_English">3.3.2 McArthur's Circle of World English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#G.C3.B6rlach.27s_Circle_model_of_English">3.3.3 Görlach's Circle model of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Modiano.27s_model_of_English">3.3.4 Modiano's model of English<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Variations_and_Varieties">4 Variations and Varieties<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#The_Future_of_World_Englishes">5 The Future of World Englishes<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#English_as_the_language_of_.E2.80.98others.E2.80.99">5.1 English as the language of ‘others’<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#The_languages_of_.E2.80.98others.E2.80.99_as_World_Languages">5.2 The languages of ‘others’ as World Languages<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#References">6 References<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3529675#Further_reading">7 Further reading<a href="h…
Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
World Englishes
This article is about the classification of Englishes around the world. For Global English or World English, see International English. International Association for World Englishes World Englishes refers to the emergence of localised or…
Constitution of Burma - Academic Dictionaries and ...
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Burma (Myanmar)<a href="https://enacademic.com/pictures/enwiki/83/State_seal_of_Myanmar.svg">Media
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Burma<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/12363">Government<strong>Constitution</strong>Assembly of the Union
(House of Nationalities and
House of Representatives)
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/232606">Political parties
USDP · SNDP · <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1161559">NUP · <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11798118">NDF · RNDPCabinet
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/6091733">President (List): <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/6159221">Thein Sein
Vice Presidents:
Tin Aung Myint Oo
and Sai Mauk KhamSupreme Court
Chief Justice: Tun Tun Oo
Constitutional Tribunal
Chairman: Tin Aye<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/708927">ElectionsGeneral elections
1960 • <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/4789053">1990 • <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/8862878">2010 • 2015Related topics<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/12368">Foreign relations
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/717405">Human rights
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1072162">Naming issues
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/274105">Administrative divisions
(<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/7780717">Districts • Townships)<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/147651">Other countries · <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Burma">Atlas
Politics portal
view · talk · <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_Burma&action=edit">editThe Constitution of Burma [mjəmà nà iŋà ɴ pʰwɛ̰zÃbòuɴ ʔətɕèɡà ɴ ʔṵbədè]) has changed several times since the country became independent from the United Kingdom. <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11783">Burma's third and current <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/2827">constitution<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#cite_note-0">[1] was published in September 2008<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#cite_note-1">[2] after a referendum.Contents<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#History">1 History<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#1947_Constitution">1.1 1947 Constitution<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#1974_Constitution">1.2 1974 Constitution<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#1988-2010">1.3 1988-2010<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#2008_Constitution">1.4 2008 Constitution<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#2008_constitutional_referendum">1.4.1 2008 constitutional referendum<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#References">2 References<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#External_links">3 External linksHistory1947 ConstitutionThe 1947 constitution drafted by <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11515258">Chan Htoon and was used from the country's independence in 1948 to 1962, when the constitution was suspended by the Socialist Revolutionary Council, led by <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/106365">Ne Win. The national government consisted of three branches: judicial, legislative and executive. The legislative branch was a bicameral legislature called the Union Parliament, consisting of two chambers, the 125-seat <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/2936716">Chamber of Nationalities (Lumyozu Hluttaw) and the Chamber of Deputies (Pyithu Hluttaw), whose seat numbers were determined by the population size of respective constituencies.<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#cite_note-2">[3]<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#cite_note-autogenerated1…
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Burma (Myanmar)<a href="https://enacademic.com/pictures/enwiki/83/State_seal_of_Myanmar.svg">Media
This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Burma<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/12363">Government<strong>Constitution</strong>Assembly of the Union
(House of Nationalities and
House of Representatives)
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/232606">Political parties
USDP · SNDP · <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1161559">NUP · <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11798118">NDF · RNDPCabinet
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/6091733">President (List): <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/6159221">Thein Sein
Vice Presidents:
Tin Aung Myint Oo
and Sai Mauk KhamSupreme Court
Chief Justice: Tun Tun Oo
Constitutional Tribunal
Chairman: Tin Aye<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/708927">ElectionsGeneral elections
1960 • <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/4789053">1990 • <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/8862878">2010 • 2015Related topics<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/12368">Foreign relations
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/717405">Human rights
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1072162">Naming issues
<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/274105">Administrative divisions
(<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/7780717">Districts • Townships)<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/147651">Other countries · <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Burma">Atlas
Politics portal
view · talk · <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_Burma&action=edit">editThe Constitution of Burma [mjəmà nà iŋà ɴ pʰwɛ̰zÃbòuɴ ʔətɕèɡà ɴ ʔṵbədè]) has changed several times since the country became independent from the United Kingdom. <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11783">Burma's third and current <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/2827">constitution<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#cite_note-0">[1] was published in September 2008<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#cite_note-1">[2] after a referendum.Contents<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#History">1 History<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#1947_Constitution">1.1 1947 Constitution<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#1974_Constitution">1.2 1974 Constitution<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#1988-2010">1.3 1988-2010<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#2008_Constitution">1.4 2008 Constitution<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#2008_constitutional_referendum">1.4.1 2008 constitutional referendum<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#References">2 References<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#External_links">3 External linksHistory1947 ConstitutionThe 1947 constitution drafted by <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/11515258">Chan Htoon and was used from the country's independence in 1948 to 1962, when the constitution was suspended by the Socialist Revolutionary Council, led by <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/106365">Ne Win. The national government consisted of three branches: judicial, legislative and executive. The legislative branch was a bicameral legislature called the Union Parliament, consisting of two chambers, the 125-seat <a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/2936716">Chamber of Nationalities (Lumyozu Hluttaw) and the Chamber of Deputies (Pyithu Hluttaw), whose seat numbers were determined by the population size of respective constituencies.<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#cite_note-2">[3]<a href="https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9900879#cite_note-autogenerated1…
Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Constitution of Burma
Burma (Myanmar) This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Burma Government
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Sistorically_Accurate on Twitter: "Today in #History! 30BCE ...
vor 9 Stunden - After this battle Egypt was officially annexed by Rome, making it a Roman province. https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1495024 …pic.twitter.com/ ...
Sistorically_Accurate on Twitter: "Today in #History! 30BCE ...
vor 9 Stunden - After this battle Egypt was officially annexed by Rome, making it a Roman province. https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1495024 …pic.twitter.com/ ...